Bottom Line Up Front

If your mark is registered, use the ®-symbol when the mark is used on any of the products or services for which it is registered. If the mark is not registered, do not use the ®-symbol, and consider using ™ to strengthen the mark, but make sure that the mark is available, because ™ can be an admission that a term is being used as an trademark.

When to Use the ®-symbol

One of the most common questions trademark owners pose is when to use the ®-symbol and when to use ™. The answer is relatively straight forward: if the mark is federally registered for a particular product, the mark can (and should) be identified with the ®-symbol when it is used in connection with those products. If the owner of a registered mark fails to use the ®-symbol or otherwise identify the mark as being federally registered, then the owner’s ability to recover damages from infringers may be limited.

Conversely, if the mark is not registered, the owner should not use the ®-symbol. Using the ®-symbol in connection with an unregistered mark could subject the trademark owner to an action for false marking, although proving damages for this false marking can be difficult.

When to Use the TM Symbol

So when is ™ appropriate? Anyone who believes that a term is their trademark can identify the trademark with a ™. There are good reasons to use the ™ symbol: it is evidence of “attempts and intent to educate the trade and purchasing public that it regards the term … as its trademark for such goods.” In re Mine Safety Appliances Company, Serial No. 75/501,608, 66 U.S.P.Q.2d 1694, 1700 (T.T.A.B. 2002).

It is well settled, however, that use of ™ in connection with otherwise unregistrable matter does not make such matter a trademark. In Eagle Snacks, Inc. v. Nabisco Brands, Inc., 625 F. Supp. 571, 573-4, 228 U.S.P.Q. 625, 628 (D.N.J. 1985), the court noted plaintiff’s unsuccessful attempts to “strengthen” its purported trademark in HONEY ROAST, including causing the letters “TM” to be placed above the word “Roast” and implementing the use of the word “Brand” to modify the mark.

In Self-Realization Fellowship Church v. Ananda Church of Self-Realization, 59 F.3d 902, 907, 35 U.S.P.Q.2d 1342, 1346 (9th Cir. 1995), Plaintiff successfully showed that it did not use “Paramahansa Yogananda” as a service mark in part by presenting “expert testimony that SRF did not use the term “Paramahansa Yogananda” with any of the traditional trademark indicia (e.g., use of the term with a “TM” sign next to it).

User Beware

The use of ™ is an admission that the term is a trademark, and trademark owners should therefore investigate whether the mark is in fact available before using ™. In London v. Carson Pirie Scott & Co., 4 U.S.P.Q.2d 1148, 1151 n. 1, 1987 WL 11382 (N.D. Ill. 1987), London claimed that Samsonite’s use of ™ in connection with HANGER LOCK, would cause confusion. Although Samsonite argued that that use of ™ was inadvertent and had been discontinued, it was enough for the court to deny defendants’ motion to dismiss.

For additional insights on how to choose a trademark, see Selecting a Mark.